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Essay / Field Notes

A Journey of Interspecies Surprises

Archaeologists have uncovered the longest known trackway of ancient human fossil footprints, offering evidence of interactions between an adult and a child, and the presence of megafauna.

Karen Carr/National Park Service

This article was originally published at The Conversation and has been repub lished under Creative Commons.

Every parent knows the feeling. Your child is crying and wants to go home, you pick them up to comfort them and move faster, your arms tired with a long walk ahead—but you cannot stop now. Now, add to this a slick mud surface and a range of hungry predators around you.

That is the story the longest trackway of fossil footprints in the world tells us. Our new discovery, published in Quaternary Science Reviews, comes from White Sands National Park in New Mexico and was made by an international team working in collaboration with staff from the National Park Service.

The footprints were spotted in a dried-up lakebed known as a playa, which contains literally hundreds of thousands of footprints dating from the end of the last ice age (about 11,550 years ago) to sometime before about 13,000 years ago.

Unlike many other known footprint trackways, this one is remarkable for its length—over at least 1.5 kilometers—and straightness. This individual did not deviate from their course. But what is even more remarkable is that they followed their own trackway home again a few hours later.

Each track tells a story: a slip here, a stretch there to avoid a puddle. The ground was wet and slick with mud, and they were walking at speed, which would have been exhausting. We estimate that they were walking at over 1.7 meters per second—a comfortable walking speed is about 1.2 to 1.5 meters per second on a flat, dry surface. The tracks are quite small and were most likely made by a woman, or possibly an adolescent male.

Mysterious journey

At several places on the outward journey, there are a series of small child tracks, made as the carrier set a child down perhaps to adjust them from hip to hip or for a moment of rest. Judging by the size of the child tracks, they were made by a toddler, maybe around 2 years old or slightly younger. The child was carried outward—but not on the return.

These photos depict a section of the double trackway. The photo on the left shows a section where the outgoing and incoming tracks follow each other. The center photo displays a child’s track. On the right, the print shows little slippage.

Bournemouth University/National Park Service

We can see the evidence of the carry in the shape of the tracks. They are broader due to the load, more varied in morphology often with a characteristic “banana shape”—something that is caused by outward rotation of the foot.

The tracks of the homeward journey are less varied in shape and have a narrower form. We might even go as far as to tentatively suggest that the surface had probably dried a little between the two journeys.

Dangerous predators

The playa was home to many now-extinct ice age animals, perhaps hunted to extinction by humans, perhaps not. Tracks of these animals helped determine the age of the trackway.

We found the tracks of mammoths, giant sloths, saber-toothed cats, dire wolves, bison, and camels. We have produced footprint evidence in the past of how these animals may have been hunted. What’s more, research yet to be published tells of children playing in puddles formed in giant sloth tracks and jumping between mammoth tracks, and of hunting and butchery.

Between the outward and return journeys, a sloth and a mammoth crossed the outward trackway. The footprints of the return journey in turn cross those animal tracks.

The sloth tracks show awareness of the human passage. As the animal approached the trackway, it appears to have reared up on its hind legs to catch the scent—pausing by turning and trampling the human tracks before dropping to all fours and making off. It was aware of the danger.

In contrast, the mammoth tracks, at one site made by a large bull, cross the human trackway without deviation, most likely not having noticed the humans.

These color-depth–rendered 3D scans of a few of the footprints show the distinctive curved shape that indicates the person was likely carrying a load.

Bournemouth University/National Park Service

The trackway tells a remarkable story. What was this individual doing alone and with a child out on the playa, moving with haste? Clearly it speaks to social organization; they knew their destination and were assured of a friendly reception. Was the child sick? Or was it being returned to its mother? Did a rainstorm quickly come in, catching a mother and child off guard? We have no way of knowing, and it is easy to give way to speculation for which we have little evidence. The Conversation

What we can say is that the woman is likely to have been uncomfortable on that hostile landscape but was prepared to make the journey anyway. So, next time you are rushing around in the supermarket with a tired child in your arms, remember that even ancient parents shared these emotions.

Matthew Robert Bennett is a professor of environmental and geographical sciences at Bournemouth University in England. In 2015, he co-launched the Institute for Landscape Studies and Human Evolution at Bournemouth University. He has published numerous articles about ancient footprints. Bennett’s current research involves ecological modeling of hominin evolution, and he is currently writing a textbook on human evolution.

Sally Christine Reynolds is a mammalian palaeontologist working on African Plio-Pleistocene fauna as a means to understand hominin paleoecology. She earned a Ph.D. from Liverpool John Moores University in England. Since 2014, Reynolds has been a senior lecturer in hominin paleoecology and the deputy head of the Institute for Studies of Landscape and Human Evolution at Bournemouth University. She is interested in how landscapes and the individual biology of species interact to create patterns of speciation, adaptation, range change, and, finally, extinction.

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