Table of contents
Announcement

After ten years of exploring humanity in all its diversity, SAPIENS has concluded its publishing chapter.

While the magazine has closed, its living archive endures—open to all and preserving the many ideas, voices, and discoveries that deepen our understanding of what it means to be human.

Neanderthal Legs and Feet—Suited to Sprinting

The Neanderthal leg proportions and tendons, along with their genes, made our ancient cousins designed for short bursts of speed.

Neanderthal Bones: Signs of Their Sex Lives

With whom did Neanderthals mate? In some cases, inbreeding looks likely.

The Neanderthal Arm—Hints About Handedness

Stone tools and skeletons suggest that Neanderthals were mostly right-handed.

The Neanderthal Throat—Did Neanderthals Speak?

The third installment of our head-to-toe tour of the Neanderthal body tackles how our close ancestors might have sounded.

Unraveling the Mystery of Human Bipedality

Paleoanthropologist Carol Ward explains how walking upright marked a milestone in hominin history.

The Neanderthal Brain—Clues About Cognition

This installment of our head-to-toe tour of the Neanderthal body tackles hominin smarts.

A Head-to-Toe Tour of the Neanderthal

The Neanderthal body has stories to tell about the life and times of our ancient hominin cousins.

Fat, Not Meat, May Have Led to Bigger Hominin Brains

A new theory challenges assumptions about when and how our ancestors altered their behaviors to boost brainpower.

First Confirmed Denisovan Skull Piece Found

A fragment of a hominin skull adds to the sparse collection from our obscure cousins.

Fat Gets No Respect (But That Should Change)

In this original animated video, anthropological research helps reveal the surprising story behind fat in the human body and in cultures around the world.